基于Rust实现爬取 GitHub Trending 热门仓库

基于Rust实现爬取 GitHub Trending 热门仓库
这个实战项目将使用 Rust 实现一个爬虫,目标是爬取 GitHub Trending 页面的热门 Rust 仓库信息(仓库名、描述、星标数、作者等),并将结果输出为 JSON 文件。本次更新基于优化后的代码,重点提升了错误处理容错性和 CSS 选择器稳定性。

技术栈

  • HTTP 请求reqwest( Rust 最流行的 HTTP 客户端,支持异步)
  • HTML 解析scraper(基于 selectors 库,支持 CSS 选择器,轻量高效)
  • JSON 序列化serde + serde_json( Rust 标准的序列化 / 反序列化库)
  • 异步运行时tokio( Rust 异步编程的事实标准)
  • 日志env_logger + log(简单的日志输出,方便调试)
  • 错误处理anyhow(简化错误传递,无需手动定义复杂错误类型)

项目结构

github-trending-crawler/ ├── Cargo.toml # 依赖配置 ├── src/ │ └── main.rs # 核心逻辑 └── trending_repos.json # 输出结果文件(运行后生成)

步骤 1:创建项目并配置依赖

1.1 创建项目

cargo new github-trending-crawler cd github-trending-crawler

1.2 配置 Cargo.toml

添加依赖项(确保版本兼容,可通过 crates.io 查询最新版本):

[package] name = "github-trending-crawler" version = "0.1.0" edition = "2021" description = "A crawler to fetch GitHub Trending Rust repositories" license = "MIT" [dependencies] # HTTP 客户端(异步) reqwest = { version = "0.12", features = ["json", "rustls-tls"] } # HTML 解析(CSS 选择器) scraper = "0.18" # JSON 序列化/反序列化 serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] } serde_json = "1.0" # 异步运行时 tokio = { version = "1.0", features = ["full"] } # 日志 log = "0.4" env_logger = "0.10" # 错误处理(可选,简化错误传递) anyhow = "1.0"

步骤 2:核心逻辑实现(src/main.rs )

2.1 导入依赖和初始化日志

use anyhow::{Context, Result}; use log::info; use reqwest::Client; use scraper::{Html, Selector}; use serde::Serialize; use std::fs::File; use std::path::Path; // 初始化日志(运行时打印调试信息) fn init_logger() { env_logger::Builder::from_env(env_logger::Env::default().default_filter_or("info")).init(); }

2.2 定义数据结构(序列化用)

定义存储仓库信息的结构体,使用 serde::Serialize trait 支持 JSON 序列化,字段与 GitHub Trending 页面信息一一对应:

#[derive(Debug, Serialize)] struct GithubRepo { // 作者/组织名 author: String, // 仓库名 name: String, // 仓库描述 description: Option<String>, // 星标数 stars: String, // 分支数 forks: String, // 今日新增星标 today_stars: String, // 仓库链接 url: String, }

2.3 核心爬虫逻辑

2.3.1 构建 HTTP 客户端并请求页面

优化点:保持原有 User-Agent 伪装和超时设置,确保请求不被 GitHub 拒绝,同时保留详细的请求错误上下文:

async fn fetch_trending_page(client: &Client) -> Result<String> { // GitHub Trending Rust 页面 URL(按今日热门排序) let url = "https://github.com/trending/rust?since=daily"; info!("Fetching page: {}", url); // 发送 GET 请求(设置 User-Agent 模拟浏览器,避免被 GitHub 拦截) let response = client .get(url) .header("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/120.0.0.0 Safari/537.36") .send() .await .context(format!("Failed to request URL: {}", url))?; // 检查响应状态码(200-299 为成功状态) if !response.status().is_success() { return Err(anyhow::anyhow!( "Request failed with status: {}", response.status() )); } // 读取响应体(HTML 字符串),并记录页面大小 let html = response.text().await.context("Failed to read response body")?; info!("Successfully fetched page (size: {} bytes)", html.len()); Ok(html) }
2.3.2 解析 HTML 提取仓库信息

优化点:

  1. CSS 选择器错误处理:用 map_err,直接显示选择器解析错误详情,便于调试;
  2. 选择器稳定性提升:将描述选择器改为通用 p 标签、星标 / 分支选择器改为基于 href 后缀(如 a[href$='/stargazers']),避免因 GitHub 样式类名变更导致解析失败;
  3. 缺失值容错:用 unwrap_or_else 给缺失的星标 / 分支 / 今日新增星标设置默认值 "0",避免程序 panic;
  4. 代码简化:合并作者名元素提取逻辑,减少重复代码。
fn parse_repos(html: &str) -> Result<Vec<GithubRepo>> { info!("Starting to parse repositories..."); let document = Html::parse_document(html); // 定义 CSS 选择器(优化后:基于语义化属性,降低页面样式变更影响) // 1. 每个仓库的根节点选择器(GitHub 仓库列表统一用 article.Box-row 包裹) let repo_selector = Selector::parse("article.Box-row") .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse repo selector: {}", e))?; // 2. 作者 + 仓库名选择器(h2 下的 a 标签,包含仓库路径) let author_name_selector = Selector::parse("h2 a") .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse author-name selector: {}", e))?; // 3. 仓库描述选择器(通用 p 标签,避免依赖特定类名) let desc_selector = Selector::parse("p") .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse description selector: {}", e))?; // 4. 星标数选择器(基于 href 后缀 /stargazers,语义化更强) let stars_selector = Selector::parse("a[href$='/stargazers']") .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse stars selector: {}", e))?; // 5. 分支数选择器(基于 href 后缀 /forks,语义化更强) let forks_selector = Selector::parse("a[href$='/forks']") .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse forks selector: {}", e))?; // 6. 今日新增星标选择器(基于 data-menu-button-text 属性,稳定性更高) let today_stars_selector = Selector::parse("span[data-menu-button-text]") .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to parse today-stars selector: {}", e))?; let mut repos = Vec::new(); // 遍历每个仓库节点,提取信息 for repo_node in document.select(&repo_selector) { // 1. 提取作者和仓库名(格式:"author/name",从 a 标签文本中解析) let author_name_element = repo_node .select(&author_name_selector) .next() .context("Missing author/name element (GitHub page structure may have changed)")?; // 清理文本(去除空格和换行符) let author_name_text = author_name_element .text() .collect::<String>() .trim() .to_string(); // 分割作者和仓库名(格式必须为 "author/name",否则报错) let (author, name) = author_name_text .split_once('/') .context(format!("Invalid author/name format: '{}' (expected 'author/name')", author_name_text))?; let author = author.trim().to_string(); let name = name.trim().to_string(); // 2. 提取仓库完整链接(补全 GitHub 域名,a 标签的 href 属性为相对路径) let url = author_name_element .value() .attr("href") .context("Missing href attribute for repo link")? .to_string(); let url = format!("https://github.com{}", url); // 拼接完整 URL // 3. 提取仓库描述(可选,无描述时为 None,避免强制 unwrap 导致 panic) let description = repo_node .select(&desc_selector) .next() .map(|elem| elem.text().collect::<String>().trim().to_string()); // 4. 提取星标数(缺失时默认值为 "0",容错性优化) let stars = repo_node .select(&stars_selector) .next() .map(|elem| elem.text().collect::<String>().trim().to_string()) .unwrap_or_else(|| "0".to_string()); // 5. 提取分支数(缺失时默认值为 "0",容错性优化) let forks = repo_node .select(&forks_selector) .next() .map(|elem| elem.text().collect::<String>().trim().to_string()) .unwrap_or_else(|| "0".to_string()); // 6. 提取今日新增星标(缺失时默认值为 "0",容错性优化) let today_stars = repo_node .select(&today_stars_selector) .next() .map(|elem| elem.text().collect::<String>().trim().to_string()) .unwrap_or_else(|| "0".to_string()); // 构建仓库对象并添加到列表 repos.push(GithubRepo { author, name, description, stars, forks, today_stars, url, }); } info!("Successfully parsed {} repositories", repos.len()); Ok(repos) }
2.3.3 保存结果到 JSON 文件

将解析后的仓库列表序列化为格式化的 JSON(pretty 模式),便于阅读和后续处理:

fn save_repos_to_json(repos: &[GithubRepo], path: &str) -> Result<()> { info!("Saving repositories to JSON file: {}", path); // 创建文件(若已存在会覆盖) let file = File::create(Path::new(path)) .context(format!("Failed to create file: {} (check directory permissions)", path))?; // 序列化并写入文件(pretty 模式:缩进格式化,可读性强) serde_json::to_writer_pretty(file, repos) .context("Failed to serialize repos to JSON (invalid data format)")?; info!("Successfully saved {} repos to {}", repos.len(), path); Ok(()) }

2.4 主函数

使用 tokio 异步运行时,按 “请求页面 → 解析信息 → 保存结果” 的流程执行,同时保留详细日志:

#[tokio::main] async fn main() -> Result<()> { // 初始化日志(程序启动时执行) init_logger(); info!("Starting GitHub Trending Rust Crawler..."); // 创建 HTTP 客户端(设置超时,避免网络问题导致程序卡死) let client = Client::builder() .connect_timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(10)) // 连接超时:10 秒 .timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(15)) // 响应超时:15 秒 .build() .context("Failed to create HTTP client (check network or dependencies)")?; // 1. 爬取 GitHub Trending 页面 HTML let html = fetch_trending_page(&client).await?; // 2. 解析 HTML,提取仓库信息 let repos = parse_repos(&html)?; // 3. 将结果保存到 JSON 文件(项目根目录下的 trending_repos.json) save_repos_to_json(&repos, "trending_repos.json")?; info!("Crawler finished successfully! Check 'trending_repos.json' for results."); Ok(()) }

步骤 3:运行项目并验证结果

3.1 运行爬虫

# 直接运行(默认输出 info 级别日志) cargo run # (可选)输出 debug 级别日志(查看更详细的执行过程,便于调试) RUST_LOG=debug cargo run

3.2 验证结果

运行成功后,项目根目录会生成 trending_repos.json 文件,优化后的结果示例(容错性提升,无缺失值):

[ { "author": "YaLTeR", "name": "niri", "description": "A scrollable-tiling Wayland compositor.", "stars": "14,823", "forks": "523", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/YaLTeR/niri" }, { "author": "librespot-org", "name": "librespot", "description": "Open Source Spotify client library", "stars": "6,131", "forks": "773", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/librespot-org/librespot" }, { "author": "zensical", "name": "zensical", "description": "A modern static site generator by the creators of Material for MkDocs", "stars": "859", "forks": "12", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/zensical/zensical" }, { "author": "atuinsh", "name": "atuin", "description": "✨ Magical shell history", "stars": "26,951", "forks": "730", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/atuinsh/atuin" }, { "author": "openai", "name": "codex", "description": "Lightweight coding agent that runs in your terminal", "stars": "50,236", "forks": "6,238", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/openai/codex" }, { "author": "bevyengine", "name": "bevy", "description": "A refreshingly simple data-driven game engine built in Rust", "stars": "43,023", "forks": "4,224", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/bevyengine/bevy" }, { "author": "topjohnwu", "name": "Magisk", "description": "The Magic Mask for Android", "stars": "56,884", "forks": "15,868", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/topjohnwu/Magisk" }, { "author": "uutils", "name": "coreutils", "description": "Cross-platform Rust rewrite of the GNU coreutils", "stars": "22,144", "forks": "1,637", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/uutils/coreutils" }, { "author": "regolith-labs", "name": "ore", "description": "It's time to mine.", "stars": "741", "forks": "262", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/regolith-labs/ore" }, { "author": "commonwarexyz", "name": "monorepo", "description": "Commonware Library Primitives and Examples", "stars": "369", "forks": "131", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/commonwarexyz/monorepo" }, { "author": "rust-lang", "name": "rust-analyzer", "description": "A Rust compiler front-end for IDEs", "stars": "15,670", "forks": "1,864", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-analyzer" }, { "author": "chroma-core", "name": "chroma", "description": "Open-source search and retrieval database for AI applications.", "stars": "24,344", "forks": "1,912", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/chroma-core/chroma" }, { "author": "getzola", "name": "zola", "description": "A fast static site generator in a single binary with everything built-in. https://www.getzola.org", "stars": "16,120", "forks": "1,094", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/getzola/zola" }, { "author": "longbridge", "name": "gpui-component", "description": "Rust GUI components for building fantastic cross-platform desktop application by using GPUI.", "stars": "7,532", "forks": "297", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/longbridge/gpui-component" }, { "author": "fish-shell", "name": "fish-shell", "description": "The user-friendly command line shell.", "stars": "31,470", "forks": "2,159", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/fish-shell/fish-shell" }, { "author": "Spotifyd", "name": "spotifyd", "description": "A spotify daemon", "stars": "10,404", "forks": "487", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/Spotifyd/spotifyd" }, { "author": "tree-sitter", "name": "tree-sitter", "description": "An incremental parsing system for programming tools", "stars": "22,666", "forks": "2,198", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/tree-sitter/tree-sitter" }, { "author": "UwUDev", "name": "ygege", "description": "High-performance indexer for YGG Torrent written in Rust", "stars": "78", "forks": "9", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/UwUDev/ygege" }, { "author": "ankitects", "name": "anki", "description": "Anki is a smart spaced repetition flashcard program", "stars": "24,634", "forks": "2,583", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/ankitects/anki" }, { "author": "get-convex", "name": "convex-backend", "description": "The open-source reactive database for app developers", "stars": "8,066", "forks": "452", "today_stars": "0", "url": "https://github.com/get-convex/convex-backend" } ]

项目总结

本项目是基于 Rust 开发的 GitHub Trending 热门 Rust 仓库爬虫,通过 reqwest 实现异步 HTTP 请求、scraper 解析 HTML 页面、serde 系列库完成 JSON 序列化,搭配 tokio 异步运行时和 anyhow 错误处理库,构建了高效且健壮的爬取流程。相较于初始版本,优化后的代码在 CSS 选择器上采用语义化属性(如基于 href 后缀、数据属性),降低了 GitHub 页面样式变更带来的维护成本;在错误处理上,通过 map_err 明确选择器解析错误、unwrap_or_else 处理信息缺失场景,大幅提升了程序容错性;同时保留详细日志输出,便于调试和问题定位。项目最终能稳定爬取每日热门 Rust 仓库的作者、名称、描述、星标数等关键信息,并以格式化 JSON 文件存储结果。

想了解更多关于Rust语言的知识及应用,可前往华为开放原子旋武开源社区https://xuanwu.openatom.cn/,了解更多资讯~

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