Spring Boot 应用部署优化：打包体积缩减 80% 实战

Spring Boot 应用部署优化：打包体积缩减 80% 实战 | 极客日志

dependencies:
- spring-boot-starter-web
- spring-boot-starter-data-jpa
- spring-boot-starter-security
- spring-boot-starter-validation
- mysql-connector-java
- lombok
- commons-lang3
- guava
- poi (Excel 处理)
- itext (PDF 处理)

target/
├── application-1.0.0.jar (150MB)
└── original-application-1.0.0.jar (30KB)

组件	占比	说明
第三方依赖库	65%	97.5MB
Spring Framework	20%	30MB
业务代码	2%	3MB
嵌入式 Tomcat	10%	15MB
其他资源	3%	4.5MB

# 查看依赖树
mvn dependency:tree
# 分析依赖大小
mvn com.github.ferstl:depgraph-maven-plugin:aggregate

# 使用 jar 命令查看内容
jar tf application.jar | head -20
# 解压后分析目录大小
unzip -q application.jar -d app-extracted
du -sh app-extracted/BOOT-INF/lib/* | sort -hr | head -10

依赖	体积	说明
`spring-boot-starter-web`	~15MB	包含完整的 Web 模块
`poi-ooxml`	~20MB	Excel 处理全套组件
`itextpdf`	~18MB	PDF 生成库
`tensorflow-core`	~50MB	AI 模型（如有）
`guava`	~8MB	Google 工具库

方案	预期减少	目标体积
移除未使用依赖	20-30MB	120MB
模块化拆分	40-50MB	100MB
启用分层构建	60-70MB	50MB
使用 Native Image	80-100MB	30MB

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        <!-- 排除默认的 Tomcat，改用 Undertow -->
        <exclusions>
            <exclusion>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
            </exclusion>
        </exclusions>
    </dependency>
    <!-- Undertow 更轻量 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-undertow</artifactId>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

<dependencies>
    <!-- 测试依赖仅在测试时使用 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
    <!-- Lombok 仅在编译时需要 -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
        <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
        <scope>provided</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

// 场景：Excel 导出功能
// 方案 A：使用 Apache POI（重型，~20MB）
import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.*;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.*;

// 方案 B：使用 EasyExcel（轻量，~2MB）
import com.alibaba.excel.EasyExcel;
import com.alibaba.excel.write.metadata.WriteSheet;

// 代码对比
public class ExcelExportExample {
    // EasyExcel 实现（内存占用更小）
    public void exportLightweight(HttpServletResponse response) {
        response.setContentType("application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet");
        response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        EasyExcel.write(response.getOutputStream(), UserData.class)
            .sheet("用户数据")
            .doFinish(() -> {
                // 流式写入，内存友好
            });
    }
}

<build>
    <plugins>
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            <configuration>
                <layers>
                    <enabled>true</enabled>
                </layers>
            </configuration>
        </plugin>
    </plugins>
</build>

Layer	内容	变化频率
Layer 1	依赖	极低
Layer 2	Spring Boot Loader	中等
Layer 3	SNAPSHOT 依赖	高
Layer 4	应用代码	高
Layer 5	应用资源	高

# 构建阶段
FROM maven:3.8-openjdk-17 AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY pom.xml .
RUN mvn dependency:go-offline
COPY src ./src
RUN mvn clean package -DskipTests

# 运行阶段 - 使用精简的基础镜像
FROM eclipse-temurin:17-jre-alpine
WORKDIR /app
# 只复制必要的文件
COPY --from=builder /app/target/*.jar app.jar
# 创建非 root 用户
RUN addgroup -S spring && adduser -S spring -G spring
USER spring:spring
EXPOSE 8080
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "app.jar"]

/**
 * 外部依赖加载器
 * 将依赖放在外部 lib/ 目录，减少主 JAR 体积
 */
public class ExternalDependencyLauncher {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        File libDir = new File("lib");
        URL[] jarUrls = Arrays.stream(Objects.requireNonNull(libDir.listFiles()))
            .filter(file -> file.getName().endsWith(".jar"))
            .map(File::toURI)
            .map(uri -> {
                try {
                    return uri.toURL();
                } catch (MalformedURLException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException(e);
                }
            })
            .toArray(URL[]::new);
        URLClassLoader classLoader = new URLClassLoader(jarUrls);
        Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(classLoader);
        // 启动 Spring Boot 应用
        Class<?> appClass = classLoader.loadClass("com.example.Application");
        Method mainMethod = appClass.getMethod("main", String[].class);
        mainMethod.invoke(null, (Object) args);
    }
}

<build>
    <plugins>
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
            <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
            <configuration>
                <archive>
                    <manifest>
                        <mainClass>com.example.ExternalDependencyLauncher</mainClass>
                        <classpathPrefix>lib/</classpathPrefix>
                        <addClasspath>true</addClasspath>
                    </manifest>
                </archive>
            </configuration>
        </plugin>
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
            <artifactId>maven-dependency-plugin</artifactId>
            <executions>
                <execution>
                    <id>copy-dependencies</id>
                    <phase>package</phase>
                    <goals>
                        <goal>copy-dependencies</goal>
                    </goals>
                    <configuration>
                        <outputDirectory>${project.build.directory}/lib</outputDirectory>
                    </configuration>
                </execution>
            </executions>
        </plugin>
    </plugins>
</build>

特性	传统 JVM	Native Image
启动时间	~2-5 秒	~0.1 秒
类加载	~1-3 秒	直接执行
JIT 编译	运行时	编译期完成

<!-- pom.xml -->
<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-native</artifactId>
        <version>0.12.0</version>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
    <plugins>
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-aot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            <version>0.12.0</version>
            <executions>
                <execution>
                    <id>test-generate</id>
                    <goals>
                        <goal>test-generate</goal>
                    </goals>
                </execution>
                <execution>
                    <id>generate</id>
                    <goals>
                        <goal>generate</goal>
                    </goals>
                </execution>
            </executions>
        </plugin>
    </plugins>
</build>
<profiles>
    <profile>
        <id>native</id>
        <build>
            <plugins>
                <plugin>
                    <groupId>org.graalvm.buildtools</groupId>
                    <artifactId>native-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                    <version>0.9.13</version>
                    <executions>
                        <execution>
                            <id>build-native</id>
                            <goals>
                                <goal>build</goal>
                            </goals>
                            <phase>package</phase>
                        </execution>
                    </executions>
                </plugin>
            </plugins>
        </build>
    </profile>
</profiles>

// src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image/reflect-config.json
[
    {"name":"com.example.model.User","allDeclaredConstructors":true,"allPublicConstructors":true,"allDeclaredMethods":true,"allPublicMethods":true,"allDeclaredFields":true,"allPublicFields":true},
    {"name":"com.example.controller.UserController","allDeclaredConstructors":true,"allDeclaredMethods":true}
]

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>3.2.0</version>
        <relativePath/>
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>optimized-spring-boot</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.0</version>
    <name>Optimized Spring Boot Application</name>
    <properties>
        <java.version>17</java.version>
        <spring-boot-admin.version>3.1.0</spring-boot-admin.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <!-- Web 模块 - 使用 Undertow 替代 Tomcat -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
            <exclusions>
                <exclusion>
                    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
                </exclusion>
            </exclusions>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-undertow</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <!-- 只引入需要的模块 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-validation</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <!-- 数据库 - 按需引入 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <!-- 驱动 - 使用 runtime scope -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.mysql</groupId>
            <artifactId>mysql-connector-j</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <!-- 工具类 - 选择轻量级替代品 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.commons</groupId>
            <artifactId>commons-lang3</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <!-- Lombok - provided scope -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
            <scope>provided</scope>
        </dependency>
        <!-- 测试依赖 - test scope -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <!-- Spring Boot 分层插件 -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <configuration>
                    <layers>
                        <enabled>true</enabled>
                    </layers>
                    <excludes>
                        <exclude>
                            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
                            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
                        </exclude>
                    </excludes>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
            <!-- 依赖分析插件 -->
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-dependency-plugin</artifactId>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <id>analyze</id>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>analyze</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1.4
# 多阶段构建 + BuildKit 缓存优化
# ===================================
# 阶段 1: 依赖解析 (利用 Docker 缓存)
# ===================================
FROM maven:3.8-eclipse-temurin-17 AS deps
WORKDIR /app
# 先复制 pom.xml，下载依赖（这一层会被缓存）
COPY pom.xml ./
RUN mvn dependency:go-offline -B

# ===================================
# 阶段 2: 编译 (代码变化时重新执行)
# ===================================
FROM maven:3.8-eclipse-temurin-17 AS builder
WORKDIR /app
# 从 deps 阶段复制本地仓库
COPY --from=deps /root/.m2 /root/.m2
# 复制源代码
COPY src ./src
# 构建应用
RUN mvn clean package -DskipTests -B && \
    mv target/*.jar app.jar

# ===================================
# 阶段 3: 运行时镜像 (最小化体积)
# ===================================
FROM eclipse-temurin:17-jre-alpine
# 安装必要的工具和时区数据
RUN apk add --no-cache tzdata && \
    cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime && \
    echo "Asia/Shanghai" > /etc/timezone && \
    apk del tzdata
WORKDIR /app
# 创建非特权用户
RUN addgroup -S appgroup && \
    adduser -S appuser -G appgroup
# 复制应用 JAR
COPY --from=builder --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/app.jar app.jar
# 切换用户
USER appuser
# JVM 参数优化
ENV JAVA_OPTS="-XX:+UseContainerSupport \
    -XX:MaxRAMPercentage=75.0 \
    -XX:InitialRAMPercentage=50.0 \
    -XX:+UseG1GC \
    -Djava.security.egd=file:/dev/./urandom"
EXPOSE 8080
# 健康检查
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=40s \
    CMD wget --no-verbose --tries=1 --spider http://localhost:8080/actuator/health || exit 1
ENTRYPOINT ["sh", "-c", "java $JAVA_OPTS -jar app.jar"]

# application.yml
spring:
  # 禁用不需要的自动配置
  autoconfigure:
    exclude:
      - org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceAutoConfiguration
      - org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.HibernateJpaAutoConfiguration
  # Web 优化
  web:
    resources:
      chain:
        cache: true
      static-locations: classpath:/static/
  server:
    # Undertow 配置
    undertow:
      threads:
        io: 4
        worker: 20
      buffer-size: 1024
      direct-buffers: true
  # 管理端点
  management:
    endpoints:
      web:
        exposure:
          include: health, info, metrics
    endpoint:
      health:
        show-details: always
  # 日志配置
  logging:
    level:
      root: INFO
      com.example: DEBUG
    pattern:
      console: "%d{yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss} - %msg%n"

指标	优化前	优化后	改善幅度
JAR 包大小	150 MB	30 MB	⬇️ 80%
Docker 镜像	450 MB	120 MB	⬇️ 73%
启动时间	8.5 秒	2.3 秒	⬇️ 73%
内存占用 (运行时)	512 MB	256 MB	⬇️ 50%
构建时间	90 秒	120 秒	⬆️ 33%

应用类型	选择优化方案	体积减少	适用场景
传统 Web 应用	方案 1: 依赖精简 + 分层构建	50%	传统部署、虚拟机
微服务	方案 2: 多阶段构建 + 外部依赖	60%	Kubernetes、容器化
Serverless	方案 3: Native Image	80%	Serverless、边缘计算

# 定期检查依赖大小
mvn dependency:tree | grep -E "compile|runtime"
# 使用 Maven 插件分析
mvn com.github.ferstl:depgraph-maven-plugin:aggregate

<!-- 在父 POM 中统一管理版本 -->
<dependencyManagement>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
            <version>3.2.0</version>
            <type>pom</type>
            <scope>import</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

# .github/workflows/docker-build.yml
name: Build and Push Docker Image
on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
      - name: Set up JDK 17
        uses: actions/setup-java@v3
        with:
          java-version: '17'
          distribution: 'temurin'
      - name: Build with Maven
        run: mvn clean package -DskipTests
      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
      - name: Login to Docker Hub
        uses: docker/login-action@v2
        with:
          username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USERNAME }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_PASSWORD }}
      - name: Build and push
        uses: docker/build-push-action@v4
        with:
          context: .
          push: true
          tags: user/app:latest
          cache-from: type=gha
          cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
          build-args: |
            BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE=1

陷阱	说明	解决方案
过度优化	为了优化而优化，牺牲可维护性	明确优化目标，权衡利弊
忽略测试	删除'未使用'的依赖后测试失败	完善测试覆盖，使用依赖分析工具
Native Image 兼容性	反射、动态代理可能不工作	提前测试，编写配置文件
安全隐患	使用精简镜像可能缺少安全补丁	定期更新基础镜像

Spring Boot 应用部署优化：打包体积缩减 80% 实战

问题背景

典型场景

为什么这么大？

体积分析

1. 依赖分析工具

Maven Dependency Analyzer

JAR 分析工具

典型的大体积依赖

2. 瘦身机会识别

优化策略

策略一：依赖精简

1.1 排除传递依赖

1.2 使用范围限定依赖

1.3 替换重型依赖

策略二：分层 JAR 构建

2.1 Spring Boot Layered JARs

2.2 分层结构说明

2.3 多阶段 Dockerfile

策略三：自定义类加载

3.1 外部依赖 JAR

3.2 Maven 配置

策略四：GraalVM Native Image

4.1 原理说明

4.2 配置示例

4.3 反射配置

实战演示

完整优化配置

Maven 配置文件

优化后的 Dockerfile

应用配置优化

效果对比

优化前后对比表

不同方案适用场景

最佳实践

1. 持续监控

2. 依赖管理规范

3. CI/CD 集成

4. 避免的陷阱

总结

优化路线图

关键要点

参考资料

微信扫一扫，关注极客日志

更多推荐文章

相关免费在线工具